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Phase-contrast microscopy (PCM) is an optical microscopy technique that converts phase shifts in light passing through a transparent specimen to brightness changes in the image. Phase shifts themselves are invisible, but become visible when shown as brightness variations.
Phase contrast is used extensively in optical microscopy, in both biological and geological sciences. In biology, it is employed in viewing unstained biological samples, making it possible to distinguish between structures that are of similar transparency or refractive indices.
X-ray absorption (left) and differential phase-contrast (right) image of an in-ear headphone obtained with a grating interferometer at 60kVp. Phase-contrast X-ray imaging or phase-sensitive X-ray imaging is a general term for different technical methods that use information concerning changes in the phase of an X-ray beam that passes through an object in order to create its images.
The phase-contrast microscope was popularized through a series of time-lapse movies (see video), recorded using a photographic film camera. [12] Its inventor, Frits Zernike, was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1953. [13] Other later phase-contrast techniques used to observe unstained cells are Hoffman modulation and differential interference ...
Micrasterias furcata imaged in transmitted DIC microscopy Laser-induced optical damage in LiNbO 3 under 150× Nomarski microscopy. Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, also known as Nomarski interference contrast (NIC) or Nomarski microscopy, is an optical microscopy technique used to enhance the contrast in unstained, transparent samples.
In electron microscopy: Phase-contrast imaging. More sophisticated techniques will show proportional differences in optical density. Phase contrast is a widely used technique that shows differences in refractive index as difference in contrast.
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