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Hume-Rothery rules, named after William Hume-Rothery, are a set of basic rules that describe the conditions under which an element could dissolve in a metal, forming a solid solution. There are two sets of rules; one refers to substitutional solid solutions, and the other refers to interstitial solid solutions.
Interstitial solid solutions form when the solute atom is small enough (radii up to 57% the radii of the parent atoms) [2] to fit at interstitial sites between the solvent atoms. The atoms crowd into the interstitial sites, causing the bonds of the solvent atoms to compress and thus deform (this rationale can be explained with Pauling's rules ).
The IUPAC definition of a solid solution is a "solid in which components are compatible and form a unique phase". [3]The definition "crystal containing a second constituent which fits into and is distributed in the lattice of the host crystal" given in refs., [4] [5] is not general and, thus, is not recommended.
Interstitial atoms (blue) occupy some of the spaces within a lattice of larger atoms (red) In materials science, an interstitial defect is a type of point crystallographic defect where an atom of the same or of a different type, occupies an interstitial site in the crystal structure.
The definition of metal includes: Post-transition metals, i.e. aluminium, gallium, indium, thallium, tin, lead, and bismuth. Metalloids, e.g. silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony and tellurium. Homogeneous and heterogeneous solid solutions of metals, and interstitial compounds such as carbides and nitrides are excluded under this definition ...
This is a schematic illustrating how the lattice is strained by the addition of interstitial solute. Notice the strain in the lattice that the solute atoms cause. The interstitial solute could be carbon in iron for example. The carbon atoms in the interstitial sites of the lattice creates a stress field that impedes dislocation movement.
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At room temperature, the solubility of carbon and nitrogen in solid solutions is exceedingly small. [10] By raising, the temperature beyond 400 o C and cooling at a moderate rate, it is easy to keep a few hundredths of a percent of either element within the solution, while the remainder is supersaturated. [10]