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By April 25, the U.S. had more than 905,000 confirmed coronavirus cases and nearly 52,000 deaths, giving it a mortality rate around 5.7 percent. (In comparison, Spain's mortality rate was 10.2 percent and Italy's was 13.5 percent.) [87] [88] In April 2020, more than 10,000 American deaths had occurred in nursing homes.
The envelope (E) protein is the smallest and least well-characterized of the four major structural proteins found in coronavirus virions. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It is an integral membrane protein less than 110 amino acid residues long; [ 2 ] in SARS-CoV-2 , the causative agent of Covid-19 , the E protein is 75 residues long. [ 5 ]
Weekly confirmed COVID-19 deaths Map of cumulative COVID-19 death rates by U.S. state [8] On December 31, 2019, China announced the discovery of a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan. The first American case was reported on January 20, [9] and Health and Human Services Secretary Alex Azar declared a public health emergency on January 31. [10]
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The M protein is a transmembrane protein with three transmembrane domains and is around 230 amino acid residues long. [8] [9] In SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, the M protein is 222 residues long. [10] Its membrane topology orients the C-terminus toward the cytosolic face of the membrane and thus into the interior of the virion.
The Enzyme Commission refers to this family as SARS coronavirus main proteinase (M pro; EC 3.4.22.69). The 3CL protease corresponds to coronavirus nonstructural protein 5 (nsp5). The "3C" in the common name refers to the 3C protease (3C pro ) which is a homologous protease found in picornaviruses .
Spike (S) glycoprotein (sometimes also called spike protein, [2] formerly known as E2 [3]) is the largest of the four major structural proteins found in coronaviruses. [4] The spike protein assembles into trimers that form large structures, called spikes or peplomers, [3] that project from the surface of the virion.
The Gamma variant (P.1) [a] was [6] [7] one of the variants of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. [8] This variant of SARS-CoV-2 has been named lineage P.1 and has 17 amino acid substitutions, ten of which in its spike protein, including these three designated to be of particular concern: N501Y, E484K and K417T.