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The 1990s also saw the further development of the euro. 1 January 1994 saw the second stage of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union begin with the establishment of the European Monetary Institute and at the start of 1999 the euro as a currency was launched and the European Central Bank was established. On 1 January 2002, notes ...
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe. [9] [10] [11] The union has a total area of 4,233,255 km 2 (1,634,469 sq mi) and an estimated total population of over 449 million.
The history of the European Union – Europa; European Union Politics Timeline - Oxford University Press: European Union Politics Resource Centre; Archival material concerning the history of the European Union can be consulted at the Historical Archives of the European Union in Florence
The European Union imposed heavy sanctions on Russia and agreed on a pooled military aid package to Ukraine for lethal weapons funded via the European Peace Facility off-budget instrument. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] Likewise, neighbouring EU member countries received a mass influx of Ukrainian refugees fleeing the conflict over the course of the first weeks ...
The history of Europe is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe (prior to about 800 BC), classical antiquity (800 BC to AD 500), the Middle Ages (AD 500–1500), and the modern era (since AD 1500). The first early European modern humans appear in the fossil record about 48,000 years ago, during the Paleolithic era.
Europe recast: a history of European Union (2nd ed. Palgrave Macmillan), 2004 excerpt. Archived 21 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine; Heuser, Beatrice. Brexit in History: Sovereignty or a European Union? (2019) excerpt also see online review; Kaiser, Wolfram, and Antonio Varsori, eds. European Union history: themes and debates (Springer, 2010).
0–9. Ideas of European unity before 1948; American Committee on United Europe; History of European integration (1948–1957) History of the European Communities (1958–1972)
The European Union (EU) has expanded a number of times throughout its history by way of the accession of new member states to the Union. To join the EU, a state needs to fulfil economic and political conditions called the Copenhagen criteria (named after the Copenhagen summit in June 1993), which require a stable democratic government that ...