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Alkalosis is the result of a process reducing hydrogen ion concentration of arterial blood plasma (alkalemia). In contrast to acidemia (serum pH 7.35 or lower), alkalemia occurs when the serum pH is higher than normal (7.45 or higher).
Diagnosis of contraction alkalosis is made by correlating laboratory data with clinical history and examination. Metabolic alkalosis in the presence of decreased effective circulatory volume, loop diuretic use, or other causes of intravascular depletion such as profound diarrhea should raise suspicion for contraction alkalosis as a likely etiology in the absence of other causes.
Hypocalcemia is a medical condition characterized by low calcium levels in the blood serum. [5] The normal range of blood calcium is typically between 2.1–2.6 mmol/L (8.8–10.7 mg/dL, 4.3–5.2 mEq/L ), while levels less than 2.1 mmol/L are defined as hypocalcemic.
Volume contraction is a decrease in the volume of body fluid, including the dissolved substances that maintain osmotic balance . The loss of the water component of body fluid is specifically termed dehydration .
Patients with hypocalcemia may be treated with either oral or IV calcium. [3] Typically, IV calcium is reserved for patients with severe hypocalcemia. [ 3 ] [ 14 ] It is also important to check magnesium levels in patients with hypocalcemia and to replace magnesium if it is low.
Hypovolemia then leads to metabolic alkalosis (increase in blood pH) by stimulating bicarbonate reabsorption in order to maintain extracellular volume. [5] [10] In summary, the symptoms of alkalosis is the net result of over-consumption of absorbable alkali, hypercalcemia-induced hypovolemia, and impaired glomerular filtration rate. [5]
The diagnosis of respiratory alkalosis is done via test that measure the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels (in the blood), chest x-ray and a pulmonary function test of the individual. [ 1 ] The Davenport diagram is named after Horace W Davenport a teacher and physiologist which allows theoreticians and teachers to graphically describe acid base ...
Metabolic alkalosis is an acid-base disorder in which the pH of tissue is elevated beyond the normal range (7.35–7.45). This is the result of decreased hydrogen ion concentration, leading to increased bicarbonate ( HCO − 3 ), or alternatively a direct result of increased bicarbonate concentrations.