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In this perspective, God allowed a foreign power—Rome—to conquer Jerusalem as a punishment for Israel’s sins, which were made manifest through internal divisions and self-destructive actions. [303] The Babylonian Talmud (Gittin 55b–57a) provides an extensive narrative detailing the destruction of Jerusalem and the factors that led to it.
Herod the Great's siege of Jerusalem (37 or 36 BC) [i] was the final step in his campaign to secure the throne of Judea. Aided by Roman forces provided by Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony), Herod was able to capture the city and depose Antigonus II Mattathias , ending Hasmonean rule.
Siege and destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans, painted c. 1504. According to the article on Rome in The Jewish Encyclopedia, [5] Jews have lived in Rome for over 2,000 years, longer than in any other European city. They originally went there from Alexandria, drawn by the lively commercial intercourse between those two cities.
In all Jerusalem there is no running water, excepting what comes from springs, that can be used to irrigate the fields, and yet it is the most fertile portion of Filastin." [56] 966: Al-Muqaddasi leaves Jerusalem to begin his 20-year geographical study, writing in detail about Jerusalem in his Description of Syria, Including Palestine [56]
The king carried great favor with his Roman patrons, towards which he was very generous, and therefore enjoyed considerable freedom of action to fortify both city and state without alarming Rome. Herod ruled Jerusalem for thirty-three years (37–4 BCE), during which he continuously balanced his loyalty to Rome with his commitment and ...
Rome renamed the province from Judaea to Syria Palaestina and banned Jews from living in Jerusalem and its vicinity. While Jewish communities had existed outside Judea before the revolts, the aftermath of the wars led to a significant shift in the center of Jewish population and cultural life from the Land of Israel to the diaspora.
A law was passed which required the election of at least one plebeian censor every five years. 338 BC: Latin War: Rome defeated the Latin League armies. 337 BC: The first plebeian Praetor was elected. 328 BC: Samnite Wars: Rome declared war on the Samnites after their failure to prevent their subjects raiding Fregellae. 321 BC
The following month, the Romans completed their conquest of Jerusalem, slaughtering, enslaving, or executing many of its inhabitants and reducing the city to ruins. [57] [58] [59] In the years that followed, Roman forces launched a final campaign against isolated rebel-held fortresses, which concluded with the fall of Masada in 73/74 CE. [60] [61]