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In this perspective, God allowed a foreign power—Rome—to conquer Jerusalem as a punishment for Israel’s sins, which were made manifest through internal divisions and self-destructive actions. [307] The Babylonian Talmud (Gittin 55b–57a) provides an extensive narrative detailing the destruction of Jerusalem and the factors that led to it.
Siege and destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans, painted c. 1504. According to the article on Rome in The Jewish Encyclopedia, [5] Jews have lived in Rome for over 2,000 years, longer than in any other European city. They originally went there from Alexandria, drawn by the lively commercial intercourse between those two cities.
In all Jerusalem there is no running water, excepting what comes from springs, that can be used to irrigate the fields, and yet it is the most fertile portion of Filastin." [56] 966: Al-Muqaddasi leaves Jerusalem to begin his 20-year geographical study, writing in detail about Jerusalem in his Description of Syria, Including Palestine [56]
The siege and the conquest of Jerusalem were a disaster for the Hasmonean Kingdom. Pompey reinstated Hyrcanus II as the High Priest but stripped him of his royal title. However, Rome later recognised him as an ethnarch in 47 BC. [17] Judea remained autonomous but was obliged to pay tribute and became dependent on the Roman administration in Syria.
[29] It took Herod three years to conquer the kingdom, capturing Jerusalem through siege and ending Antigonus' brief reign. [30] He ruled Judaea as a client kingdom , maintaining close ties with Rome, though he faced widespread Jewish resentment. [ 29 ]
The king carried great favor with his Roman patrons, towards which he was very generous, and therefore enjoyed considerable freedom of action to fortify both city and state without alarming Rome. Herod ruled Jerusalem for thirty-three years (37–4 BCE), during which he continuously balanced his loyalty to Rome with his commitment and ...
The date of the surrender of Jerusalem is debatable. Primary sources, such as chronicles from centuries closer or further removed from the time of the events, offer the year 638, for instance Theophilus of Edessa (695–785); or 636, 636/37, and 637. Academic secondary sources tend to prefer 638.
Herod, in exile in Rome, is declared king by the Roman Senate. [126] 40–37 BCE. Reign of Antigonus II Mattathias as puppet king of the Parthians. His reign is consumed by a losing war against a Roman army commanded by Mark Antony and an army raised by Herod backing his own claim. [126] Summer 37 BCE. Jerusalem is retaken and Antigonus II is ...