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RED-S is a serious illness with lifelong health consequences and can potentially be fatal. [5] RED-S is the broader, more comprehensive name for what was formerly known as the female athlete triad (or simply the triad), which was a condition seen in females participating in sports that emphasize leanness or low body weight.
Nutrition is important in all sports. Sports nutrition is the study and practice of nutrition and diet with regards to improving anyone's athletic performance. Nutrition is an important part of many sports training regimens, being popular in strength sports (such as weightlifting and bodybuilding) and endurance sports (e.g. cycling, running, swimming, rowing).
In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms through which exercise promotes cardiovascular health. Regular physical exercise has several beneficial effects on overall health. While decreasing body mass and adiposity are not the primary outcomes of exercise, exercise can mediate several diseases that accompany obesity, including T2D and CVD.
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A healthy diet can improve and maintain health, which can include aspects of mental and physical health. [2] Specific diets, such as the DASH diet, can be used in treatment and management of chronic conditions. [2] Dietary recommendations exist for many different countries, and they usually emphasise a balanced diet which is culturally appropriate.
It also reduces blood pressure (SBP and DBP) [76] [77] and alters body composition, reducing body fat percentage, body fat mass and visceral fat, [78] which is usually beneficial as obesity predisposes towards several chronic diseases and e.g. body fat distribution is one predictor of insulin resistance and related complications. [79]
High volumes of training with insufficient calorie intake puts athletes—particularly female ones—at risk for RED-S [53] Aerobic exercise may not be as efficient as other exercise methods. For example, High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been shown to provide similar benefits in a fraction of the time spent exercising per week.
Mild calorie restriction may be beneficial for pregnant women to reduce weight gain (without weight loss) and reduce perinatal risks for both the mother and child. [11] [12] For overweight or obese individuals, calorie restriction may improve health through weight loss, although a gradual weight regain of 1–2 kg (2.2–4.4 lb) per year may occur.