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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of progressive lung disease characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. [8] GOLD 2024 defined COPD as a heterogeneous lung condition characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms (dyspnea or shortness of breath, cough, sputum production and/or exacerbations) due to abnormalities of the airways (bronchitis ...
When associated with significant airflow limitation, emphysema is a major subtype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a progressive lung disease characterized by long-term breathing problems and poor airflow. [10] [11] Without COPD, the finding of emphysema on a CT lung scan still confers a higher mortality risk in tobacco smokers ...
Lung transplantation is also performed for severe COPD in carefully chosen cases. [10] Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency is a fairly rare genetic condition that results in COPD (particularly emphysema) due to a lack of the antitrypsin protein which protects the fragile alveolar walls from protease enzymes released by inflammatory processes.
Increased pulmonary compliance may be associated with COPD and emphysema due to loss of alveolar and elastic tissue. Pulmonary surfactant increases compliance by decreasing the surface tension of water. The internal surface of the alveolus is covered with a thin coat of fluid. The water in this fluid has a high surface tension, and provides a ...
High flow oxygen may be harmful in those with an acute exacerbation of COPD. In the prehospital environment those given high flow O 2 rather than titrating their O 2 saturations to 88% to 92% had worse outcomes. [14] In specific circumstances high flow oxygen however can be beneficial. [15] Antibiotics and steroids appear useful in mild to ...
In restrictive lung disease, both forced expiratory volume in one second and forced vital capacity (FVC) are reduced, however, the decline in FVC is more than that of FEV1, resulting in a higher than 80% FEV1/FVC ratio.
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