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Effective torque (often referred to as wheel torque or torque to the wheels) is a concept primarily associated with automotive tuning. Torque can be measured using a dynamometer. Common units used in automotive applications can include foot-pounds and Newton·meters. [1] The formula for effective torque to the wheels is: [2] Tw = Te * N tf * η ...
In the presence of a non-zero slip angle, this torque tends to steer the tire toward the direction in which it is traveling, hence its name. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The magnitude of this torque can be calculated as the product of the lateral force generated at the contact patch and the distance behind the wheel centre at which that force acts.
A common type of loose wheel nut indicators are small pointed tags, usually made of fluorescent orange or yellow plastic, which are fixed to the lug nuts of the wheels of large vehicles. [2] The tag rotates with the nut, and if the nut becomes loose, the point of the tag shifts noticeably out of alignment with the other tags.
Prior to 1964, tires were all made to a 90% aspect ratio. Tire size was specified as the tire width in inches and the diameter in inches – for example, 6.50-15. [29] From 1965 to the early 1970s, tires were made to an 80% aspect ratio. Tire size was again specified by width in inches and diameter in inches.
Because wheel offset changes the lever-arm length between the center of the tire and the centerline of the steering knuckle, the way bumps, road imperfections, and acceleration/braking forces turn into steering torques (bump-steer, torque-steer, etc.) and thus, will change the drivability of the vehicle depending on wheel offset.
Cornering force or side force is the lateral (i.e., parallel to wheel axis) force produced by a vehicle tire during cornering. [1] Cornering force is generated by tire slip and is proportional to slip angle at low slip angles. The rate at which cornering force builds up is described by relaxation length. [2]
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In the tire factory, the tire and wheel are mounted on a balancing machine test wheel, the assembly is rotated at 100 r/min (about 5–7 m/s (18–25 km/h; 11–16 mph) with recent high sensitivity sensors) or higher, 300 r/min (about 25–27 m/s (90–97 km/h; 56–60 mph) with typical low sensitivity sensors), and forces of unbalance are ...
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related to: tire guides inc wheel torque chart printable free