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  2. Symbiotic bacteria - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiotic_bacteria

    The gut is a dynamic ecosystem as it is composed of both constant and transient components, meaning some bacteria establishes itself and remains throughout the human’s lifetime and other bacteria is ingested and later leaves in feces. [14] When babies are born, they are born without any bacteria in their intestines.

  3. Digestion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestion

    In the small intestine, the larger part of digestion takes place and this is helped by the secretions of bile, pancreatic juice and intestinal juice. The intestinal walls are lined with villi, and their epithelial cells are covered with numerous microvilli to improve the absorption of nutrients by increasing the surface area of the intestine ...

  4. Gut microbiota - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_microbiota

    In addition the large intestine contains the largest bacterial ecosystem in the human body. [5] About 99% of the large intestine and feces flora are made up of obligate anaerobes such as Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium. [40] Factors that disrupt the microorganism population of the large intestine include antibiotics, stress, and parasites. [5]

  5. Nutrient cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient_cycle

    The persistent legacy of environmental feedback that is left behind by or as an extension of the ecological actions of organisms is known as niche construction or ecosystem engineering. Many species leave an effect even after their death, such as coral skeletons or the extensive habitat modifications to a wetland by a beaver, whose components ...

  6. Digestive enzyme - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_enzyme

    In carnivorous plants, digestive enzymes and acids break down insects and in some plants small animals. In some plants, the leaf collapses on the prey to increase contact, others have a small vessel of digestive liquid. Then digestion fluids are used to digest the prey to get at the needed nitrates and phosphorus. The absorption of the needed ...

  7. Extracellular digestion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_digestion

    Their teeth grind the food up, enzymes and acid in the stomach liquefy it, and additional enzymes in the small intestine break the food down into parts their cells can use. Extracellular digestion is a form of digestion found in all saprobiontic annelids , crustaceans , arthropods , lichens and chordates , including vertebrates .

  8. Assimilation (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimilation_(biology)

    Assimilation is the process of absorption of vitamins, minerals, and other chemicals from food as part of the nutrition of an organism. In humans, this is always done with a chemical breakdown (enzymes and acids) and physical breakdown (oral mastication and stomach churning).

  9. Intestinal gland - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_gland

    Intestinal glands are found in the epithelia of the small intestine, namely the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, and in the large intestine (colon), where they are sometimes called colonic crypts. Intestinal glands of the small intestine contain a base of replicating stem cells , Paneth cells of the innate immune system , and goblet cells , which ...

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