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Total citations, or average citation count per article, can be reported for an individual author or researcher. Many other measures have been proposed, beyond simple citation counts, to better quantify an individual scholar's citation impact. [15] The best-known author-level measures include total citations and the h-index. [16]
For example, bibliographic coupling and co-citation are association measures based on citation analysis (shared citations or shared references). The citations in a collection of documents can also be represented in forms such as a citation graph , as pointed out by Derek J. de Solla Price in his 1965 article "Networks of Scientific Papers". [ 7 ]
Citation pollution: the infiltration of retracted research, or fake research, being cited in legitimate research, but negatively impacting on the validity of the research. [52] It is due to various factors, including the publication race and the concerning rise in unscrupulous business practices related to so-called predatory or deceptive ...
When using footnotes, the citation should be placed in the first footnote after the quotation. In-text attribution is often appropriate. Close paraphrasing: Add an inline citation when closely paraphrasing a source's words. In-text attribution is often appropriate, especially for statements describing a person's published opinions or words. In ...
In cases where citations are lacking, the template {} can be added after the statement in question. The following table shows examples of these ways of citing sources, categorized as "the good, the bad and the ugly".
An example of a very short article covered by general references is provided by the linked revision of "low basis theorem". As an article matures to include more than a few sentences, inline citations are added to make it clear which material in the article can be verified by which source.
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The word "source" in Wikipedia has three meanings: the work itself (for example, a document, article, paper, or book), the creator of the work (for example, the writer), and the publisher of the work (for example, Cambridge University Press). All three can affect reliability.