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  2. Uncertainty avoidance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_avoidance

    In cross-cultural psychology, uncertainty avoidance is how cultures differ on the amount of tolerance they have of unpredictability. [1] Uncertainty avoidance is one of five key qualities or dimensions measured by the researchers who developed the Hofstede model of cultural dimensions to quantify cultural differences across international lines and better understand why some ideas and business ...

  3. Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofstede's_cultural...

    Uncertainty avoidance (UAI): The uncertainty avoidance index is defined as "a society's tolerance for ambiguity", in which people embrace or avert an event of something unexpected, unknown, or away from the status quo. Societies that score a high degree in this index opt for stiff codes of behavior, guidelines, laws, and generally rely on ...

  4. Ambiguity aversion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiguity_aversion

    In decision theory and economics, ambiguity aversion (also known as uncertainty aversion) is a preference for known risks over unknown risks.An ambiguity-averse individual would rather choose an alternative where the probability distribution of the outcomes is known over one where the probabilities are unknown.

  5. Integrated threat theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_threat_theory

    Hofstede & Bond (1984) define uncertainty avoidance as "the degree to which people feel threatened by ambiguous situations, and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these." [ 18 ] Stephan & Renfro (2002) thus suggest that cultures which hold norms and laws as very important are likely to perceive threat from "unfamiliar groups."

  6. List of cognitive biases - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases

    Greater likelihood of recalling recent, nearby, or otherwise immediately available examples, and the imputation of importance to those examples over others. Bizarreness effect: Bizarre material is better remembered than common material. Boundary extension: Remembering the background of an image as being larger or more expansive than the ...

  7. Cognitive bias modification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_bias_modification

    Approach–avoidance training involves cognitive tasks that are designed to induce approach or avoidance behaviors towards specific stimuli. In the approach–avoidance task , a commonly used training protocol, individuals are shown images with a certain distinguishing feature on a computer screen, to which they should react as fast as possible ...

  8. Power distance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_distance

    Examples of countries with low PDIs include the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, and the Nordic countries. [ 13 ] In higher PDI cultures, the power relations are paternalistic and autocratic , and centralized authority exists; there is a wide gap or emotional distance which is perceived to exist among people at ...

  9. Risk aversion (psychology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_aversion_(psychology)

    Most theoretical analyses of risky choices depict each option as a gamble that can yield various outcomes with different probabilities. [2] Widely accepted risk-aversion theories, including Expected Utility Theory (EUT) and Prospect Theory (PT), arrive at risk aversion only indirectly, as a side effect of how outcomes are valued or how probabilities are judged. [3]