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Individual quantum dots can be created from two-dimensional electron or hole gases present in remotely doped quantum wells or semiconductor heterostructures called lateral quantum dots. The sample surface is coated with a thin layer of resist and a lateral pattern is then defined in the resist by electron beam lithography .
Another application of this technique involves using Zinc Sulfide quantum dots to treat industrial waste water. [19] Indium An alternative to the heavy metal quantum dots are quantum dots that contain Indium. One example is the use of CuInS2 quantum dots as fluorescent labels that emit light in the near infrared region of the visible spectrum. [20]
Typically, the size of the silicon quantum dots is defined by controlling material synthesis. For example, silicon quantum dot size can be controlled by the reaction temperature during thermal disproportionation of silsesquioxanes. [1] Similarly, the plasma residence time in non-thermal plasma methods is a key factor. [2]
Applications of quantum mechanics include explaining phenomena found in nature as well as developing technologies that rely upon quantum effects, like integrated circuits and lasers. [ note 1 ] Quantum mechanics is also critically important for understanding how individual atoms are joined by covalent bonds to form molecules .
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are graphene nanoparticles with a size less than 100 nm. [1] Due to their exceptional properties such as low toxicity, stable photoluminescence , chemical stability and pronounced quantum confinement effect, GQDs are considered as a novel material for biological, opto-electronics, energy and environmental applications.
Different sized quantum dots emit different colour light due to quantum confinement. Quantum engineering is the development of technology that capitalizes on the laws of quantum mechanics. Quantum engineering uses quantum mechanics as a toolbox for the development of quantum technologies, such as quantum sensors or quantum computers .
Therefore, the quantum dot is an emitter of single photons. A key challenge in making a good single-photon source is to make sure that the emission from the quantum dot is collected efficiently. To do that, the quantum dot is placed in an optical cavity. The cavity can, for instance, consist of two DBRs in a micropillar (Fig. 1).
In order to survive the competition with conventional semiconductor quantum dots, a high quantum yield should be achieved. Although a good example of CQDs with ~80% quantum yield was synthesized, [34] most of the quantum dots synthesized have a quantum yield below 10% so far. [7]
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