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A wide range of methods have been developed to assess the structure of human populations with the use of genetic data. Early studies of within and between-group genetic variation used physical phenotypes and blood groups, with modern genetic studies using genetic markers such as Alu sequences, short tandem repeat polymorphisms, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), among others. [14]
One can modify this definition and consider a grouping per sub-population instead of per individual. Population geneticists have used that idea to measure the degree of structure in a population. Unfortunately, there is a large number of definitions for , causing some confusion in the scientific literature. A common definition is the following:
Population structure (also called genetic structure and population stratification) is the presence of a systematic difference in allele frequencies between subpopulations. In a randomly mating (or panmictic) population, allele frequencies are expected to be roughly similar between groups. However, mating tends to be non-random to some degree ...
Detection of natural selection in the human genome is also possible via detected IBD segments. Selection will usually tend to increase the number of IBD segments among individuals in a population. By scanning for regions with excess IBD sharing, regions in the human genome that have been under strong, very recent selection can be identified ...
Two useful introductions to the fundamental theory underlying the unit of selection issue and debate, which also present examples of multi-level selection from the entire range of the biological hierarchy (typically with entities at level N-1 competing for increased representation, i.e., higher frequency, at the immediately higher level N, e.g., organisms in populations or cell lineages in ...
Population genetics is a subfield of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and among populations, and is a part of evolutionary biology.Studies in this branch of biology examine such phenomena as adaptation, speciation, and population structure.
Caucasus hunter-gatherer (CHG), also called Satsurblia cluster, [1] [2] is an anatomically modern human genetic lineage, first identified in a 2015 study, [3] [1] based on the population genetics of several modern Western Eurasian (European, Caucasian and Near Eastern) populations.
[40] Such ranks are used simply because they are required by the rank-based codes; because of this, some systematists prefer to call them nomenclatural ranks. [ 1 ] [ 6 ] In most cases, higher taxonomic groupings arise further back in time, simply because the most inclusive taxa necessarily appeared first. [ 41 ]