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Political representation is the activity of making citizens "present" in public policy-making processes when political actors act in the best interest of citizens according to Hanna Pitkin's Concept of Representation (1967).
Thomas Hare (28 March 1806 in England – 6 May 1891) was a British lawyer and supporter of electoral reform.He is credited with inventing the single transferable vote system of proportional representation which he was a proponent and defender, now used in national elections in Ireland and Malta, in Australian Senate and state elections, in local elections in Northern Ireland, and several ...
Sweden uses a modified Sainte-Laguë method with a 4% threshold, and a 12% threshold in individual constituencies (i.e. a political party can gain representation with a minuscule representation on the national stage, if its vote share in at least one constituency exceeded 12%).
Hanna Fenichel Pitkin (July 17, 1931 – May 6, 2023) was an American political theorist.She was best known for her seminal study The Concept of Representation, published in 1967.
Political representation is also an essential part of making sure that citizens have faith that representatives, political institutions, and democracy take their interests into account. [75] For women and minorities, this issue can occur even in the levels of government that are meant to be closest to constituents, such as among members of ...
Compared to ideal proportional representation, the D'Hondt method reduces somewhat the political fragmentation for smaller electoral district sizes, [1] where it favors larger political parties over small parties. [2] The method was first described in 1792 by American Secretary of State and later President of the United States Thomas Jefferson.
Popular sovereignty is the principle that the leaders of a state and its government are created and sustained by the consent of its people, who are the source of all political legitimacy. Popular sovereignty, being a principle, does not imply any particular political implementation.
A two-party system is most common under plurality voting.Voters typically cast one vote per race. Maurice Duverger argued there were two main mechanisms by which plurality voting systems lead to fewer major parties: (i) small parties are disincentivized to form because they have great difficulty winning seats or representation, and (ii) voters are wary of voting for a smaller party whose ...