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Peak and off-peak pricing is a form of price discrimination where the price variation is due to some type of seasonal factor. The objective of peak and off peak pricing is to use prices to even out peaks and troughs in demand. Peak and off-peak pricing is widely used in tourism, travel and also in utilities such as electricity providers.
Dynamic pricing, also referred to as surge pricing, demand pricing, or time-based pricing, and variable pricing, is a revenue management pricing strategy in which businesses set flexible prices for products or services based on current market demands. It usually entails raising prices during periods of peak demand and lowering prices during ...
Splitting the market into peak and off-peak use of service is common and occurs with energy and cinema tickets, as well as gym membership and parking. [ 34 ] In order to offer different prices for different groups of people in the aggregate market, the seller has to group its consumers.
In 1972 implemented the first peak pricing policy, with surcharges varying depending on the season and time of the day, and by 1976 raised these peak charges. London-Heathrow had seven pricing structures between 1976 and 1984. In this case it was the US carriers that went to international arbitration in 1988 and won their case. [202]
Medium-term forecasting, from a few days to a few months ahead, is generally preferred for balance sheet calculations, risk management and derivatives pricing. In many cases, especially in electricity price forecasting, evaluation is based not on the actual point forecasts, but on the distributions of prices over certain future time periods.
Electricity market is characterized by unique features [12] that are atypical in the markets for commodities or consumption goods.. Although few somewhat similar markets exist (for example, airplane tickets and hotel rooms, like electricity, cannot be stored and the demand for them varies by season), [13] the magnitude of peak pricing (peak price can be 100 times higher than an off-peak one ...
Off-price is a trading format based on discount pricing. Off-price retailers are independent of manufacturers and buy large volumes of branded goods directly from them. The off-price retail model relies on the purchase of over-produced, or excess, branded goods at a lower price, thus being able to sell to consumers at a discount compared to ...
I have also included lots of images - all sourced from wikicommons and added wikilinks throughout the article in relevant places. Some copy editing has been done, but more is required to get this up to a reasonable standard. I have addressed the issue of surge pricing by including it in the section on peak/off peak pricing tactics. And, finally ...