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Amenorrhea or amenorrhoea is the absence of a menstrual period in a female who has reached reproductive age. [1] Physiological states of amenorrhoea are most commonly seen during pregnancy and lactation ( breastfeeding ).
Amenorrhea, or the absence of menstruation, is subdivided into primary and secondary amenorrhea. In primary amenorrhea, in which there is a failure to menstruate by the age of 16 with normal sexual development or by 14 without normal sexual development, causes can be from developmental abnormalities of the uterus, ovaries, or genital tract, or ...
Hormonal contraceptives can come in multiple forms including injectables. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), a progestin-only injectable, has been found to cause amenorrhea (cessation of menstruation); however, the irregular bleeding pattern returns to normal over time. [15] [16] DMPA has also been associated with weight gain. [16]
Signs of false pregnancy include amenorrhea (missed periods), galactorrhea (flow of milk from breast), breast enlargement, weight gain, abdominal growth, sensations of fetal movement and contractions, [1] nausea and vomiting, [1] changes in the uterus and cervix, [1] and frequent urination. [3] Abdominal distention is the most common symptom. [2]
Data on weight gain with DMPA likewise are inconsistent. [75] [76] At high doses for the treatment of breast cancer, MPA can cause weight gain and can worsen diabetes mellitus and edema (particularly of the face). Adverse effects peak at five weeks, and are reduced with lower doses.
Both significant weight loss and weight gain can cause FHA through insulin. [12] Significant weight loss, as in eating disorders and chronic malnutrition, is characterized by low insulin levels. Significant weight gain can lead to obesity and insulin resistance, which mimics low insulin levels via functional hypoinsulinaemia. [12]
Taub-Dix warns if consumed regularly, these drinks could lead to weight gain and fat storage in unwanted areas. Spano warns that research has even linked higher intake of total fat and saturated ...
For example, if there is a gestational age based on the beginning of the last menstrual period of 9.0 weeks, and a first-trimester obstetric ultrasonography gives an estimated gestational age of 10.0 weeks (with a 2 SD variability of ±8% of the estimate, thereby giving a variability of ±0.8 weeks), the difference of 1.0 weeks between the ...