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List of side effects of estradiol which may occur as a result of its use or have been associated with estrogen and/or progestogen therapy includes: [1] [2]. Gynecological: changes in vaginal bleeding, dysmenorrhea, increase in size of uterine leiomyomata, vaginitis including vaginal candidiasis, changes in cervical secretion and cervical ectropion, ovarian cancer, endometrial hyperplasia ...
Estradiol valerate by intramuscular injection is usually used at a dosage of 10 to 20 mg every 4 weeks in the treatment of menopausal symptoms and hypoestrogenism due to hypogonadism, castration, or primary ovarian failure in women. [13] In the past, it was used at even higher doses of 10 to 40 every 1 to 4 weeks for estrogen replacement. [36]
Estrogen promotes the development of breast cancers that have estrogen receptor (ER) by stimulating the proliferation and survival of breast cancer cells. [39] Estrogen receptor (ER) is a significant indicator for predicting outcomes and guiding treatment decisions, and it is found in around 75% of breast cancers. [ 39 ]
Levels of progesterone and estrogen rise continually throughout pregnancy, suppressing the hypothalamic axis and subsequently the menstrual cycle. The progesterone is first produced by the corpus luteum and then by the placenta in the second trimester.
As unopposed estrogen therapy (using estrogen alone without progesterone) increases the risk of endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer in women with intact uteruses, estradiol is usually combined with a progestogen like progesterone or medroxyprogesterone acetate to prevent the effects of estradiol on the endometrium.
[84] [85] [86] The preceding side effects of synthetic estrogens do not appear to occur in pregnant women, who already have very high estrogen levels. [84] This suggests that these effects are due to estrogenic activity. [84] Synthetic estrogens have markedly stronger effects on the liver and hepatic protein synthesis than natural estrogens.
The side effects of estradiol undecylate have also been studied and reported beyond the preceding clinical trial programme and for other patient populations, for instance women. Side effects during therapy with massive doses of estradiol undecylate (200 mg three times per week, or 600 mg per week and around 2,400 mg per month total) in ...
Levels of estradiol in premenopausal women are highly variable throughout the menstrual cycle and reference ranges widely vary from source to source. [62] Estradiol levels are minimal and according to most laboratories range from 20 to 80 pg/mL during the early to mid follicular phase (or the first week of the menstrual cycle, also known as ...
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