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  2. Seismic anisotropy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_anisotropy

    The favored methods for detecting seismic anisotropy are shear wave splitting, seismic tomography of surface waves and body waves, and converted-wave scattering in the context of a receiver function. In shear-wave splitting, the S wave splits into two orthogonal polarizations, corresponding to the fastest and slowest wavespeeds in that medium ...

  3. Orbital decay - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_decay

    The total decelerating force, which is usually atmospheric drag for low Earth orbits, exerted on a satellite of constant mass m is given by some force F. The rate of loss of orbital energy is simply the rate at the external force does negative work on the satellite as the satellite traverses an infinitesimal circular arc-length ds , spanned by ...

  4. Atmospheric escape - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_escape

    One classical thermal escape mechanism is Jeans escape, [1] named after British astronomer Sir James Jeans, who first described this process of atmospheric loss. [2] In a quantity of gas, the average velocity of any one molecule is measured by the gas's temperature, but the velocities of individual molecules change as they collide with one another, gaining and losing kinetic energy.

  5. Outgoing longwave radiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outgoing_longwave_radiation

    In the case of global energy flux, the W/m 2 value is obtained by dividing the total energy flow over the surface of the globe (measured in watts) by the surface area of the Earth, 5.1 × 10 14 m 2 (5.1 × 10 8 km 2; 2.0 × 10 8 sq mi). [3]

  6. Coriolis frequency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolis_frequency

    Consider a body (for example a fixed volume of atmosphere) moving along at a given latitude at velocity in the Earth's rotating reference frame. In the local reference frame of the body, the vertical direction is parallel to the radial vector pointing from the center of the Earth to the location of the body and the horizontal direction is perpendicular to this vertical direction and in the ...

  7. Hurricane Helene’s landfall produced atmospheric waves seen ...

    www.aol.com/news/hurricane-helene-landfall...

    The redder the color, the more intense the waves from Helene could be seen in Earth’s upper atmosphere, where the ISS orbits more than 200 miles above the ground.

  8. Tidal acceleration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_acceleration

    The presence of the Moon (which has about 1/81 the mass of Earth), is slowing Earth's rotation and extending the day by a little under 2 milliseconds every 100 years. Tidal acceleration is an effect of the tidal forces between an orbiting natural satellite (e.g. the Moon) and the primary planet that it orbits (e.g. Earth).

  9. Puzzle solutions for Wednesday, Nov. 20, 2024

    www.aol.com/news/puzzle-solutions-wednesday-nov...

    if i'd known i was going to live this long, i'd have taken better care of myself. − eubie blake (distributed by king features) cryptoquip. i couldn't consume enough of those fantastic grilled ...