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Corresponding to periodic trends, it is intermediate in electronegativity between fluorine and bromine (F: 3.98, Cl: 3.16, Br: 2.96, I: 2.66), and is less reactive than fluorine and more reactive than bromine. It is also a weaker oxidising agent than fluorine, but a stronger one than bromine.
Chlorine trifluoride has a boiling point of −12 °C. Bromine trifluoride has a boiling point of 127 °C and is a liquid at room temperature. Iodine trichloride melts at 101 °C. [1] Most interhalogens are covalent gases. Some interhalogens, especially those containing bromine, are liquids, and most
Bromine is a weaker halogenating agent than both fluorine and chlorine, while iodine is the least reactive of them all. The facility of dehydrohalogenation follows the reverse trend: iodine is most easily removed from organic compounds, and organofluorine compounds are highly stable.
Pure bromine is somewhat toxic but less toxic than fluorine and chlorine. One hundred milligrams of bromine is lethal. [7] Bromide anions are also toxic, but less so than bromine. Bromide has a lethal dose of 30 grams. [7] Iodine is somewhat toxic, being able to irritate the lungs and eyes, with a safety limit of 1 milligram per cubic meter.
Therefore, they are generated by adding iron filings to bromine or chlorine. Here is the mechanism of this reaction: The mechanism for bromination of benzene. The mechanism for iodination is slightly different: iodine (I 2) is treated with an oxidizing agent such as nitric acid to obtain the electrophilic iodine ("I +", probably IONO 2).
Whereas the relatively unreactive bromine reacts with 2-methylbutane predominantly to 2-bromo-2-methylbutane, the reaction with much more reactive chlorine results in a mixture of all four regioisomers. Another example of RSP can be found in the selectivity of the reaction of certain carbocations with azides and water.
Two free radicals (chlorine and chlorine, chlorine and methyl, or methyl and methyl) combine: Methane chlorination: termination The last possibility generates in an impurity in the final mixture (notably, an organic molecule with a longer carbon chain than the reactants). The net reaction is: Methane chlorination overall reaction
bromine: 35: 5: Essential to membrane architecture and tissue development in animals. [23] May have antibiotic effects in some compounds when it substitutes for chlorine. [24] Bromine compounds are very common in and presumably essential to a variety of marine organisms, including bacteria, fungi, seaweeds, and diatoms.