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Regular and irregular antibodies are two main groups of antibodies when classified roughly on the timing and triggering event of antibody production. Regular antibodies usually refer to the isohemagglutinins, directed against antigens of the ABO system. They appear in the first years of life. They are of the IgM type. [1]
The associated anti-A and anti-B antibodies are usually IgM antibodies, produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances such as food, bacteria, and viruses. The ABO blood types were discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1901; he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930 for this discovery. [ 5 ]
IgM is the first immunoglobulin expressed in the human fetus (around 20 weeks) [46] and phylogenetically the earliest antibody to develop. [47] IgM antibodies appear early in the course of an infection and usually reappear, to a lesser extent, after further exposure. IgM antibodies do not pass across the human placenta (only isotype IgG). [48]
Anti-A and anti-B antibodies are usually IgM and do not pass through the placenta, but some mothers "naturally" have IgG anti-A or IgG anti-B antibodies, which can pass through the placenta. Exposure to A-antigens and B-antigens, which are both widespread in nature, usually leads to the production of IgM anti-A and IgM anti-B antibodies but ...
Since these antibodies sometimes destroy red blood cells they can cause anemia; this test can help clarify the condition. The indirect Coombs test detects antibodies that are floating freely in the blood. [1] These antibodies could act against certain red blood cells; the test can be carried out to diagnose reactions to a blood transfusion. [1]
The standard serology panel for seroconversion include hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B surface antibody for IgM and IgG, hepatitis B core antibody for IgM and IgG, and hepatitis B e-antigen. [61] In the typical disease course for hepatitis B, [62] the individual will first seroconvert for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg).
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