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Algebraic number theory is a branch of number theory that uses the techniques of abstract algebra to study the integers, rational numbers, and their generalizations. Number-theoretic questions are expressed in terms of properties of algebraic objects such as algebraic number fields and their rings of integers , finite fields , and function fields .
Namely, Lehmer showed that for relatively prime integers k and n with n > 2, the number 2 cos(2πk/n) is an algebraic number of degree φ(n)/2, where φ denotes Euler's totient function. Because rational numbers have degree 1, we must have n ≤ 2 or φ(n) = 2 and therefore the only possibilities are n = 1,2,3,4,6.
In mathematics, "rational" is often used as a noun abbreviating "rational number". The adjective rational sometimes means that the coefficients are rational numbers. For example, a rational point is a point with rational coordinates (i.e., a point whose coordinates are rational numbers); a rational matrix is a matrix of rational numbers; a rational polynomial may be a polynomial with rational ...
It is an open question what is the smallest number (,), such that any n-variate, non-negative polynomial of degree d can be written as sum of at most (,) square rational functions over the reals. An upper bound due to Pfister in 1967 is: [8]
Rational numbers have irrationality exponent 1, while (as a consequence of Dirichlet's approximation theorem) every irrational number has irrationality exponent at least 2. On the other hand, an application of Borel-Cantelli lemma shows that almost all numbers, including all algebraic irrational numbers , have an irrationality exponent exactly ...
Every positive rational number can be represented by an Egyptian fraction. Sums of this type, and similar sums also including 2 3 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {2}{3}}} and 3 4 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3}{4}}} as summands , were used as a serious notation for rational numbers by the ancient Egyptians, and continued to be used by other civilizations ...
Triangle with the area 6, a congruent number. In number theory, a congruent number is a positive integer that is the area of a right triangle with three rational number sides. [1] [2] A more general definition includes all positive rational numbers with this property. [3] The sequence of (integer) congruent numbers starts with
Transcendental number theory is a branch of number theory that investigates transcendental numbers (numbers that are not solutions of any polynomial equation with rational coefficients), in both qualitative and quantitative ways.
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