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Pregnant patients may have bleeding from the reproductive tract due to trauma, including sexual trauma, neoplasm, most commonly cervical cancer, and hematologic disorders. Molar pregnancy (also called hydatiform mole ) is a type of pregnancy where the sperm and the egg have joined within the uterus, but the result is a cyst resembling a grape ...
The management of labor and delivery may vary depending on the gestational age. It is common to encounter the following terms when describing different time periods of pregnancy. [4] Postterm – ≥ 42 weeks + 0 days of gestation (> 293 days from the first day of last menstrual period, or > 13 days from the estimated due date)
Miscarriage, also known in medical terms as a spontaneous abortion, is an end to pregnancy resulting in the loss and expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the womb before it can survive independently. [1] [4] Miscarriage before 6 weeks of gestation is defined as biochemical loss by ESHRE.
After a stillbirth there is a 2.5% risk of another stillbirth in the next pregnancy (an increase from 0.4%). [28] In the United States, highest rates of stillbirths happen in pregnant women who: [29] are of low socioeconomic status; are aged 35 years or older; have chronic medical conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, high ...
Fetal distress, also known as non-reassuring fetal status, is a condition during pregnancy or labor in which the fetus shows signs of inadequate oxygenation. [1] Due to its imprecision, the term "fetal distress" has fallen out of use in American obstetrics. [2] [1] [3] The term "non-reassuring fetal status" has largely replaced it. [4]
This procedure also leaves no scars on the uterus which makes further pregnancies and births safer for the mother. [1] Another important factor in treating obstructed labor is monitoring the energy and hydration of the mother. [11] Contractions of the uterus require energy, so the longer the mother is in labor the more energy she expends.
Definitions of cervical weakness vary, but one that is frequently used is the inability of the uterine cervix to retain a pregnancy in the absence of the signs and symptoms of clinical contractions, or labor, or both in the second trimester. [1] Cervical weakness may cause miscarriage or preterm birth during the second and third trimesters.
As obstructed labor and obstetric fistulae account for 8% of maternal deaths worldwide [40] and "a 60-fold difference in gross national product per person shows up as a 120-fold difference in maternal mortality ratio," impoverished countries produce higher maternal mortality rates and thus higher obstetric fistula rates. [41]