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The formula for the ponderomotive energy can be easily derived. A free particle of charge q {\displaystyle q} interacts with an electric field E cos ( ω t ) {\displaystyle E\,\cos(\omega t)} . The force on the charged particle is
Pulsed Nd:YAG and Er:YAG lasers are used in laser tattoo removal and laser range finders among other applications. Pulsed lasers are also used in soft-tissue surgery. When a laser beam comes into contact with soft-tissue, one important factor is to not overheat surrounding tissue, so necrosis can be prevented. [ 3 ]
Q-switching, sometimes known as giant pulse formation or Q-spoiling, [1] is a technique by which a laser can be made to produce a pulsed output beam. The technique allows the production of light pulses with extremely high peak power, much higher than would be produced by the same laser if it were operating in a continuous wave (constant output) mode.
This equation means that a charged particle in an inhomogeneous oscillating field not only oscillates at the frequency of ω of the field, but is also accelerated by F p toward the weak field direction. This is a rare case in which the direction of the force does not depend on whether the particle is positively or negatively charged.
As electron kinetic energy and undulator parameters can be adapted as desired, free-electron lasers are tunable and can be built for a wider frequency range than any other type of laser, [3] currently ranging in wavelength from microwaves, through terahertz radiation and infrared, to the visible spectrum, ultraviolet, and X-ray.
Using this equation, the minimum pulse duration can be calculated consistent with the measured laser spectral width. For the HeNe laser with a 1.5 GHz bandwidth, the shortest Gaussian pulse consistent with this spectral width is around 300 picoseconds; for the 128 THz bandwidth Ti:sapphire laser, this spectral width corresponds to a pulse of ...
The photon of an incident laser pulse (pump) is, by a nonlinear optical crystal, divided into two lower-energy photons. The wavelengths of the signal and the idler are determined by the phase matching condition, which is changed, e.g. by temperature or, in bulk optics, by the angle between the incident pump laser ray and the optical axes of the ...
Graph showing the history of maximum laser pulse intensity since 1960. Since the early period of laser history, laser research has produced a variety of improved and specialized laser types, optimized for different performance goals, including: new wavelength bands; maximum average output power; maximum peak pulse energy; maximum peak pulse power
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