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tTG is the most comprehensively studied transglutaminase and has been associated with many diseases. However, none of these diseases are related to an enzyme deficiency. Indeed, thus far no disease has been attributed to the lack of tTG activity and this has been attested through the study of tTG knockout mice. [35]
GSE can result in high risk pregnancies [58] and infertility. Some infertile women have GSE and iron deficiency anemia [59] others have zinc deficiency [60] and birth defects may be attributed to folic acid deficiencies. It has also been found to be a rare cause of amenorrhea. [61]
An equivocal result on tTG testing should be followed by anti-endomysial antibodies. [21] Guidelines recommend that a total serum IgA level is checked in parallel, as people with coeliac with IgA deficiency may be unable to produce the antibodies on which these tests depend ("false negative").
The IgG antibody is similar to AGA IgA, but is found at higher levels in patients with the IgA-less phenotype. It is also associated with coeliac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. [5] [6] [7] Anti-gliadin antibodies are frequently found with anti-transglutaminase antibodies.
In forming this bond transglutaminase becomes linked to T-cell epitopes on gliadin. B-cells with surface IgM that react to transglutaminase can present it with bound gliadin peptides to T-cells which stimulate B-cell maturation and proliferation to plasma cells making IgA or IgM. ATA changes the behavior of tTG. Some studies have revealed that ...
Selective immunoglobulin A (IgA) deficiency (SIgAD [1]) is a kind of immunodeficiency, a type of hypogammaglobulinemia. People with this deficiency lack immunoglobulin A (IgA), a type of antibody that protects against infections of the mucous membranes lining the mouth, airways, and digestive tract.
Inflammation in these spots can cause cells to die or damage tissues or nerves, research shows. The bottom line is, dry eyes are more than just annoying. The bottom line is, dry eyes are more than ...
Reported symptoms of NCGS are similar to those of celiac disease, [30] [31] with most patients reporting both gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal symptoms. [29] [32] In the "classical" presentation of NCGS, gastrointestinal symptoms are similar to those of irritable bowel syndrome, and are also not distinguishable from those of wheat allergy, but there is a different interval between ...