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  2. Cognitive effects of bilingualism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_effects_of...

    Equal proficiency in a bilingual individuals' languages is rarely seen as it typically varies by domain. [6] For example, a bilingual individual may have greater proficiency for work-related terms in one language, and family-related terms in another language. [4] Being bilingual has been linked to a number of cognitive benefits. [7]

  3. Bilingual education - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilingual_education

    A program that utilizes two languages, known as a dual language program, typically places students in classrooms with a mixture of native speakers for each language. One popular approach to dual language programs is the 90/10 model, where in the early grades 90% of instruction is conducted in the student's native language and 10% is taught in ...

  4. Language immersion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_immersion

    The Hawaiian Language Program was geared to promote cultural integrity by emphasizing native-language proficiency through heritage language bilingual immersion instruction. By 1995, there were 756 students enrolled in the Hawaiian Language Immersion Program from K to 8.

  5. English-language learner - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-language_learner

    There are a wide variety of different program models that may be used to structure the education of English-language learners (ELLs). These program models vary depending on the goals of the program and the resources available. Some researchers describe program models as existing on a spectrum from more monolingual forms to more bilingual forms. [7]

  6. English as a second or foreign language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_as_a_second_or...

    Similarly, a longitudinal study was conducted to examine the effects of the paired bilingual program and an English-only reading program with Spanish speaking English learners in order to increase students' English reading outcomes. [62] Students whose primary language was Spanish and were part of the ESL program were participants of this study.

  7. Language proficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_proficiency

    In part, ACTFL's definition of proficiency is derived from mandates issued by the U.S. government, declaring that a limited English proficient student is one who comes from a non-English background and "who has sufficient difficulty speaking, reading, writing, or understanding the English language and whose difficulties may deny such an ...

  8. List of multilingual countries and regions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_multilingual...

    Many people in Indonesia are bilingual at an early age. They speak a local native language with their families whereas the official Indonesian language is used to communicate with people from other regions and is taught in schools as a compulsory subject. In Laos, Lao is the official language, but French is understood and used by government.

  9. Transitional bilingual education - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_bilingual...

    In early-exit programs, a near-native proficiency in the target language is required of instructors. Institutions may vary in the amount of first-language instruction that is utilized. [ 5 ] The degree to which the children's first language is spoken in the classroom depends on the proficiency level of the students, who generally require more ...