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Individuals with exploding head syndrome hear or experience loud imagined noises as they are falling asleep or are waking up, have a strong, often frightened emotional reaction to the sound, and do not report significant pain; around 10% of people also experience visual disturbances like perceiving visual static, lightning, or flashes of light.
Sleep paralysis is a state, during waking up or falling asleep, in which a person is conscious but in a complete state of full-body paralysis. [1] [2] During an episode, the person may hallucinate (hear, feel, or see things that are not there), which often results in fear. [1] [3] Episodes generally last no more than a few minutes. [2]
Finally, individuals with nightmares can wake up completely and easily and have clear and detailed memories of their dreams. [2] [30] A distinction between night terrors and epileptic seizure is required. [30] Indeed, an epileptic seizure could happen during the night but also during the day. [30]
Techniques for extending hypnagogia range from informal (e.g. the subject holds up one of their arms as they go to sleep, to be awakened when it falls), [48] to the use of biofeedback devices to induce a "theta" state – produced naturally the most when we are dreaming – characterized by relaxation and theta EEG activity.
The nightmares usually occur during the REM stage of sleep, and the person who experiences the nightmares typically remembers them well upon waking. [2] More specifically, nightmare disorder is a type of parasomnia , a subset of sleep disorders categorized by abnormal movement or behavior or verbal actions during sleep or shortly before or after.
Vocalisation, screaming, swearing that may be associated with dreams; Motor activity, simple or complex, that may result in injury to patient or bed-partner; Occurrence usually in latter half of sleep period (REM sleep) May be associated with neurodegenerative disease
Sleep-talking by itself is typically harmless; however, it can wake others and cause them consternation—especially when misinterpreted as conscious speech by an observer. [2] If the sleep-talking is dramatic, emotional, or profane it may be a sign of another sleep disorder.
A nightmare, also known as a bad dream, [1] is an unpleasant dream that can cause a strong emotional response from the mind, typically fear but also despair, anxiety, disgust or sadness. The dream may contain situations of discomfort, psychological or physical terror, or panic .