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The mainstay of treatment for schizophrenia is an antipsychotic medication. [5] Most antipsychotics can take around 7 to 14 days to have their full effect. Medication may improve the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, and social and vocational functioning. [6]
The name refers to the two types of symptoms in schizophrenia, as defined by the American Psychiatric Association: positive symptoms, which refer to an excess or distortion of normal functions (e.g., hallucinations and delusions), and negative symptoms, which represent a diminution or loss of normal functions. Some of these functions which may ...
However, if properly assessed, secondary negative symptoms are amenable to treatment. [46] There is some evidence that the negative symptoms of schizophrenia are amenable to psychostimulant medication, although such drugs have varying degrees of risk for causing positive psychotic symptoms. [53]
The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) is a rating scale that mental health professionals use to measure negative symptoms in schizophrenia.Negative symptoms are those conspicuous by their absence—lack of concern for one's appearance, and lack of language and communication skills, for example.
Within psychological testing, the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) is a rating scale to measure positive symptoms in schizophrenia. The scale was developed by Nancy Andreasen and was first published in 1984. [1] SAPS is split into 4 domains, and within each domain separate symptoms are rated from 0 (absent) to 5 (severe).
In other words, an individual does not have to be experiencing delusions or hallucinations to receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia. A second symptom could be negative symptoms, or severely disorganized or catatonic behavior. [5] Only two symptoms are required for a diagnosis of schizophrenia, resulting in different presentations for the same ...
Positive symptoms tend to lessen with age, but negative symptoms and cognitive impairments continue to worsen. [22] [23] [24] Older adults with schizophrenia are prone to extrapyramidal side effects, anticholinergic toxicity, and sedation due to increased body fat, decreased total body water, and decreased muscle mass.
Symptoms of schizophrenia simplex include an absence of will, impoverished thinking and flattening of affect. There is a gradual deterioration of functioning with increased amotivation and reduced socialization. [6] [7] It is considered to be rarely diagnosed and is a schizophrenia without psychotic symptoms. [8]
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