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Thinking, Fast and Slow is a 2011 popular science book by psychologist Daniel Kahneman.The book's main thesis is a differentiation between two modes of thought: "System 1" is fast, instinctive and emotional; "System 2" is slower, more deliberative, and more logical.
Both System 1 and System 2 processing can lead to normative answers and both can involve cognitive biases. System 1 processing is contextualised while System 2 processing is abstract. [54] Recent research has found that beliefs and context can influence System 2 processing as well as System 1. [55]
The idea builds upon the idea of System 1 and System 2 thinking, as popularised in Daniel Kahneman’s book, Thinking, Fast and Slow. That suggests that there are two modes of thought: System 1 is ...
System 1 is a bottom-up, fast, and implicit system of decision-making, while system 2 is a top-down, slow, and explicit system of decision-making. [78] System 1 includes simple heuristics in judgment and decision-making such as the affect heuristic , the availability heuristic , the familiarity heuristic , and the representativeness heuristic .
Automation bias, the tendency to depend excessively on automated systems which can lead to erroneous automated information overriding correct decisions. [53] Gender bias, a widespread [54] set of implicit biases that discriminate against a gender. For example, the assumption that women are less suited to jobs requiring high intellectual ability.
[1] [2] Epstein argues that within the context of day-to-day life, a constant interaction occurs between the two systems. Because the experiential system is fast, guided by emotion and past experience, and requires little in terms of cognitive resources, it is especially equipped to handle the majority of information processing on a daily basis ...
Many researchers in thinking and reasoning have provided evidence for a dual-process cognitive approach to reasoning, judgment and decision making. They argue that these two mental processes (system 1 and system 2) engage in a constant battle for control over our brain to reason and make decisions.
Cognitive bias mitigation and cognitive bias modification are forms of debiasing specifically applicable to cognitive biases and their effects. Reference class forecasting is a method for systematically debiasing estimates and decisions, based on what Daniel Kahneman has dubbed the outside view .