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An inactivated vaccine (or killed vaccine) is a type of vaccine that contains pathogens (such as virus or bacteria) that have been killed or rendered inactive, so they cannot replicate or cause disease. In contrast, live vaccines use pathogens that are still alive (but are almost always attenuated, that is, weakened).
Vaccination is the administration of a vaccine to help the immune system develop immunity from a disease. Vaccines contain a microorganism or virus in a weakened, live or killed state, or proteins or toxins from the organism. In stimulating the body's adaptive immunity, they help prevent sickness from an infectious disease.
Vaccines may be monovalent (also called univalent) or multivalent (also called polyvalent). A monovalent vaccine is designed to immunize against a single antigen or single microorganism. [82] A multivalent or polyvalent vaccine is designed to immunize against two or more strains of the same microorganism, or against two or more microorganisms. [83]
Indeed, vaccines, including the influenza vaccine, Tdap, and pneumococcal vaccines, are less effective in adults over the age of 65. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Nevertheless, the CDC recommends that elderly adults get the flu vaccine because influenza infection is particularly dangerous in this population and vaccine provides at least a moderate level of ...
The incorporation of several viruses in vaccination schemes has been investigated since the vaccinia virus was created in 1984 as a vaccine vector. [9] Human clinical trials were conducted for viral vector vaccines against several infectious diseases including Zika virus , influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus , HIV , and malaria ...
"One topic being studied is the impact of giving booster doses of a vaccine in the same arm as the original dose or the other arm," says Dr. Andrew Handel, MD, a pediatric infectious diseases ...
Swine flu was a boon for the anti-vaccine movement, which had suffered in recent years: Its leading researcher had been discredited, the theorized link between autism and vaccines disproven, and ...
There are also investigation lines that use the vector for vaccines against the Zika virus (ChAdOx1 ZIKV) [10] and the Chikungunya virus (ChAdOx1 sCHIKV). [ 11 ] The ChAdOx1 vector has been used as a platform for a vaccine against coronavirus disease since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic .