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  2. Water of crystallization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_of_crystallization

    Upon crystallization from water, or water-containing solvents, many compounds incorporate water molecules in their crystalline frameworks. Water of crystallization can generally be removed by heating a sample but the crystalline properties are often lost.

  3. Mineral hydration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_hydration

    In inorganic chemistry, mineral hydration is a reaction which adds water to the crystal structure of a mineral, usually creating a new mineral, commonly called a hydrate. In geological terms, the process of mineral hydration is known as retrograde alteration and is a process occurring in retrograde metamorphism .

  4. Crystallization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallization

    Crystallization is the process by which solids form, where the atoms or molecules are highly organized into a structure known as a crystal. Some ways by which crystals form are precipitating from a solution , freezing , or more rarely deposition directly from a gas .

  5. Permineralization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permineralization

    Permineralization, a type of fossilization, involves deposits of minerals within the cells of organisms. Water from the ground, lakes, or oceans seeps into the pores of organic tissue and forms a crystal cast with deposited minerals. Crystals begin to form in the porous cell walls. This process continues on the inner surface of the walls until ...

  6. Hydrate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrate

    Nonpolar molecules such as methane can form clathrate hydrates with water, especially under high pressure. Although there is no hydrogen bonding between water and guest molecules when methane is the guest molecule of the clathrate, guest–host hydrogen bonding often forms when the guest is a larger organic molecule such as tetrahydrofuran .

  7. Biomineralization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomineralization

    The mineral ions introduced during remineralisation restore the structure of the hydroxyapatite crystals. [ 36 ] The clubbing appendages of the peacock mantis shrimp are made of an extremely dense form of the mineral which has a higher specific strength; this has led to its investigation for potential synthesis and engineering use. [ 37 ]

  8. Crystal growth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_growth

    A crystal is a solid material whose constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are arranged in an orderly repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions. Crystal growth is a major stage of a crystallization process, and consists of the addition of new atoms, ions, or polymer strings into the characteristic arrangement of the crystalline ...

  9. Fractional crystallization (geology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_crystallization...

    In some compositions, at high pressures without water crystallization of enstatite is favored, but in the presence of water at high pressures, olivine is favored. [12] Granitic magmas provide additional examples of how melts of generally similar composition and temperature, but at different pressure, may crystallize different minerals.