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The desalination process's energy consumption depends on the water's salinity. Brackish water desalination requires less energy than seawater desalination. [82] The energy intensity of seawater desalination has improved: It is now about 3 kWh/m 3 (in 2018), down by a factor of 10 from 20-30 kWh/m 3 in 1970.
Multi-stage flash distillation (MSF) is a water desalination process that distills sea water by flashing a portion of the water into steam in multiple stages of what are essentially countercurrent heat exchangers. Current MSF facilities may have as many as 30 stages. [1]
The first method utilizes an ejector system motivated by steam at manometric pressure from an external source in order to recycle vapor from the desalination process. The form is designated ejectocompression or thermocompression. Using the second method, water vapor is compressed by means of a mechanical device, electrically driven in most cases.
Multiple-effect distillation or multi-effect distillation (MED) is a distillation process often used for sea water desalination. It consists of multiple stages or "effects". In each stage the feed water is heated by steam in tubes, usually by spraying saline water onto them.
Seawater has around 27 bar (390 psi) [10] natural osmotic pressure that must be overcome. As for their energy consumption, seawater RO systems typically require 2.9-5.5 kWh/m 3 [11], although state-of-the-art systems are around 2.3 kWh/m 3 [12]. Membrane pore sizes vary from 0.1 to 5,000 nm. Particle filtration removes particles of 1 μm or larger.
Seawater desalination plants have produced potable water for many years. However, until recently desalination had been used only in special circumstances because of the high energy consumption of the process. [citation needed] Early designs for desalination plants made use of various evaporation technologies.
The LTD process is most suitable for high saline feedwaters starting from typical concentrations of sea water to concentrated wastewater solutions from various industrial processes. [10] One possible application is the capacity duplication of RO based desalination systems by further treatment of the evolving effluents to the precipitation of salts.
Dewvaporation is a novel desalination technology developed at Arizona State University (Tempe) as an energy efficient tool for freshwater procurement and saline waste stream management. The system has relatively low installation costs and low operation and maintenance requirements. [1]