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  2. Apéry's theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apéry's_theorem

    A more recent proof by Wadim Zudilin is more reminiscent of Apéry's original proof, [6] and also has similarities to a fourth proof by Yuri Nesterenko. [7] These later proofs again derive a contradiction from the assumption that ζ ( 3 ) {\displaystyle \zeta (3)} is rational by constructing sequences that tend to zero but are bounded below by ...

  3. Irrational number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrational_number

    Perhaps the numbers most easy to prove irrational are certain logarithms. Here is a proof by contradiction that log 2 3 is irrational (log 2 3 ≈ 1.58 > 0). Assume log 2 3 is rational.

  4. Apéry's constant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apéry's_constant

    Although this has so far not produced any results on specific numbers, it is known that infinitely many of the odd zeta constants ζ(2n + 1) are irrational. [7] In particular at least one of ζ(5), ζ(7), ζ(9), and ζ(11) must be irrational. [8] Apéry's constant has not yet been proved transcendental, but it is known to be an algebraic period ...

  5. Proof that e is irrational - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_that_e_is_irrational

    In 1840, Liouville published a proof of the fact that e 2 is irrational [10] followed by a proof that e 2 is not a root of a second-degree polynomial with rational coefficients. [11] This last fact implies that e 4 is irrational. His proofs are similar to Fourier's proof of the irrationality of e.

  6. Real number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number

    In the 18th and 19th centuries, there was much work on irrational and transcendental numbers. Lambert (1761) gave a flawed proof that π cannot be rational; Legendre (1794) completed the proof [11] and showed that π is not the square root of a rational number. [12]

  7. List of mathematical proofs - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_proofs

    Bertrand's postulate and a proof; Estimation of covariance matrices; Fermat's little theorem and some proofs; Gödel's completeness theorem and its original proof; Mathematical induction and a proof; Proof that 0.999... equals 1; Proof that 22/7 exceeds π; Proof that e is irrational; Proof that π is irrational

  8. Commensurability (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commensurability_(mathematics)

    However, the numbers and 2 are incommensurable because their ratio, , is an irrational number. More generally, it is immediate from the definition that if a and b are any two non-zero rational numbers, then a and b are commensurable; it is also immediate that if a is any irrational number and b is any non-zero rational number, then a and b are ...

  9. Proof that π is irrational - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_that_π_is_irrational

    Written in 1873, this proof uses the characterization of as the smallest positive number whose half is a zero of the cosine function and it actually proves that is irrational. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] As in many proofs of irrationality, it is a proof by contradiction .