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2. Bird measurement - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_measurement

   Measuring the culmen. The upper margin of the beak or bill is referred to as the culmen.The measurement is taken using calipers with one jaw at the tip of the upper mandible and the other at the base of the bill (at the junction with the skull, a measurement called "total culmen") or where the feathers begin (a measurement called "exposed culmen").

3. Beak - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beak

   For example, the culmen of the parrot crossbill is strongly decurved, while that of the very similar red crossbill is more moderately curved. [29] The culmen of a juvenile common loon is all dark, while that of the very similarly plumaged juvenile yellow-billed loon is pale towards the tip. [30]

4. Category:Parts of a bird beak - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Parts_of_a_bird_beak

   In other projects Wikidata item; Appearance. move to sidebar hide. Help. Pages in category "Parts of a bird beak" The following 18 pages are in this category, out of ...

5. Culmen - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culmen

   In other projects Wikidata item; ... A culmen is a top, a summit or a culminating point. It may also refer to: ... (bird), the upper ridge of a bird's beak; Culmen ...

6. Glossary of bird terms - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms

   The colour of a bird's beak results from concentrations of pigments—primarily melanins and carotenoids—in the epidermal layers, including the rhamphotheca. [39] In general, beak colour depends on a combination of the bird's hormonal state and diet. Colours are typically brightest as the breeding season approaches and palest after breeding. [40]

7. Casque (anatomy) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casque_(anatomy)

   The casque has been hypothesized to serve as a visual cue to a bird's sex, state of maturity, or social status; as reinforcement to the beak's structure; or as a resonance chamber, enhancing calls. [4] In addition, they may be used in combat with other members of the same species, in the gathering of food, or in thermoregulation.

8. Yellow-billed loon - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-billed_loon

   Its main distinguishing feature is the long straw-yellow bill which, because the culmen is straight, appears slightly uptilted. It breeds in the Arctic and winters mainly at sea along the coasts of the northern Pacific Ocean and northwestern Norway; it also sometimes overwinters on large inland lakes. It occasionally strays well south of its ...

9. Japanese grosbeak - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_grosbeak

   This is a large finch, with a reported weight of 80 g (2.8 oz) (for a single male) and a length of 18 to 23 cm (7.1 to 9.1 in). Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 10.2 to 11.7 cm (4.0 to 4.6 in), the tail is 8.3 to 9.5 cm (3.3 to 3.7 in) and the culmen is 2.1 to 2.6 cm (0.83 to 1.02 in). The signature feature of the Japanese ...