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Criminal justice reform seeks to address structural issues in criminal justice systems such as racial profiling, police brutality, overcriminalization, mass incarceration, and recidivism. Reforms can take place at any point where the criminal justice system intervenes in citizens’ lives, including lawmaking, policing, sentencing and ...
The debate over capital punishment in the United States existed as early as the colonial period. [1] As of April 2022, it remains a legal penalty within 28 states, the federal government, and military criminal justice systems.
Biosocial criminology is an interdisciplinary field that aims to explain crime and antisocial behavior by exploring biocultural factors. While contemporary criminology has been dominated by sociological theories, biosocial criminology also recognizes the potential contributions of fields such as behavioral genetics, neuropsychology, and evolutionary psychology.
In the United States, the relationship between race and crime has been a topic of public controversy and scholarly debate for more than a century. [1] Crime rates vary significantly between racial groups; however, academic research indicates that the over-representation of some racial minorities in the criminal justice system can in part be explained by socioeconomic factors, [2] [3] such as ...
By 2017, the concept of a penal or carceral state - with varying definitions and parameters - had become widely used in "punishment and criminal justice literature". [ 37 ] According to a 2017 article in Theoretical criminology , the carceral state is far from being a "single, unified, and actor-less state responsible for punishment". [ 37 ]
Adding jail beds, though, is controversial. Criminal justice reformers want to see fewer people locked up − either through bail reform, diverting people into treatment services or both.
The test, then, will ordinarily be a cumulative one: if a punishment is unusually severe, if there is a strong probability that it is inflicted arbitrarily, if it is substantially rejected by contemporary society, and if there is no reason to believe that it serves any penal purpose more effectively than some less severe punishment, then the ...
The Legislature this week is expected to OK a fall ballot measure — a rival to more conservative crime reform — that would crack down on retail theft and fentanyl dealers.