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Any involution is a bijection.. The identity map is a trivial example of an involution. Examples of nontrivial involutions include negation (x ↦ −x), reciprocation (x ↦ 1/x), and complex conjugation (z ↦ z) in arithmetic; reflection, half-turn rotation, and circle inversion in geometry; complementation in set theory; and reciprocal ciphers such as the ROT13 transformation and the ...
Involutive negation (unary) can be added as an additional negation to t-norm logics whose residual negation is not itself involutive, that is, if it does not obey the law of double negation . A t-norm logic L {\displaystyle L} expanded with involutive negation is usually denoted by L ∼ {\displaystyle L_{\sim }} and called L {\displaystyle L ...
A generalization of the class of Horn formulas is that of renameable-Horn formulae, which is the set of formulas that can be placed in Horn form by replacing some variables with their respective negation. For example, (x 1 ∨ ¬x 2) ∧ (¬x 1 ∨ x 2 ∨ x 3) ∧ ¬x 1 is not a Horn formula, but can be renamed to the Horn formula (x 1 ∨ ¬x ...
Negation As Failure (NAF, for short) is a non-monotonic inference rule in logic programming, used to derive (i.e. that is assumed not to hold) from failure to derive . Note that n o t p {\displaystyle \mathrm {not} ~p} can be different from the statement ¬ p {\displaystyle \neg p} of the logical negation of p {\displaystyle p} , depending on ...
In mathematics, an involute (also known as an evolvent) is a particular type of curve that is dependent on another shape or curve. An involute of a curve is the locus of a point on a piece of taut string as the string is either unwrapped from or wrapped around the curve.
Corner quotes, also called “Quine quotes”; for quasi-quotation, i.e. quoting specific context of unspecified (“variable”) expressions; [3] also used for denoting Gödel number; [4] for example “⌜G⌝” denotes the Gödel number of G. (Typographical note: although the quotes appears as a “pair” in unicode (231C and 231D), they ...
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Negation; similarly, from A 1 an NFA A n can be constructed that accepts Σ * \L 1. Kleene closure Since NFAs are equivalent to nondeterministic finite automaton with ε-moves (NFA-ε), the above closures are proved using closure properties of NFA-ε.