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  2. Great-circle distance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great-circle_distance

    When calculating the length of a short north-south line at the equator, the circle that best approximates that line has a radius of (which equals the meridian's semi-latus rectum), or 6335.439 km, while the spheroid at the poles is best approximated by a sphere of radius , or 6399.594 km, a 1% difference. So long as a spherical Earth is assumed ...

  3. Spherical circle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_circle

    If the sphere is isometrically embedded in Euclidean space, the sphere's intersection with a plane is a circle, which can be interpreted extrinsically to the sphere as a Euclidean circle: a locus of points in the plane at a constant Euclidean distance (the extrinsic radius) from a point in the plane (the extrinsic center). A great circle lies ...

  4. Spherical trigonometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_trigonometry

    The sphere's radius is taken as unity. For specific practical problems on a sphere of radius R the measured lengths of the sides must be divided by R before using the identities given below. Likewise, after a calculation on the unit sphere the sides a, b, and c must be multiplied by R.

  5. Haversine formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haversine_formula

    The haversine formula determines the great-circle distance between two points on a sphere given their longitudes and latitudes. Important in navigation , it is a special case of a more general formula in spherical trigonometry , the law of haversines , that relates the sides and angles of spherical triangles.

  6. Spherical coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_coordinate_system

    For example, one sphere that is described in Cartesian coordinates with the equation x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = c 2 can be described in spherical coordinates by the simple equation r = c. (In this system—shown here in the mathematics convention—the sphere is adapted as a unit sphere, where the radius is set to unity and then can generally be ignored ...

  7. Sphere - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere

    S ‍ 1: a 1-sphere is a circle of radius r; S ‍ 2: a 2-sphere is an ordinary sphere; S ‍ 3: a 3-sphere is a sphere in 4-dimensional Euclidean space. Spheres for n > 2 are sometimes called hyperspheres. The n-sphere of unit radius centered at the origin is denoted S ‍ n and is often referred to as "the" n-sphere. The ordinary sphere is a ...

  8. Spherical cap - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_cap

    For example, assuming the Earth is a sphere of radius 6371 km, the surface area of the arctic (north of the Arctic Circle, at latitude 66.56° as of August 2016 [7]) is 2π ⋅ 6371 2 | sin 90° − sin 66.56° | = 21.04 million km 2 (8.12 million sq mi), or 0.5 ⋅ | sin 90° − sin 66.56° | = 4.125% of the total surface area of the Earth.

  9. Equivalent radius - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_radius

    In applied sciences, the equivalent radius (or mean radius) is the radius of a circle or sphere with the same perimeter, area, or volume of a non-circular or non-spherical object. The equivalent diameter (or mean diameter ) ( D {\displaystyle D} ) is twice the equivalent radius.