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  2. Systems chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_chemistry

    Systems chemistry is the science of studying networks of interacting molecules, to create new functions from a set (or library) of molecules with different hierarchical levels and emergent properties. [1] [2] Systems chemistry is also related to the origin of life (abiogenesis). [3]

  3. Population balance equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_balance_equation

    Consider the average number of particles with particle properties denoted by a particle state vector (x,r) (where x corresponds to particle properties like size, density, etc. also known as internal coordinates and, r corresponds to spatial position or external coordinates) dispersed in a continuous phase defined by a phase vector Y(r,t) (which again is a function of all such vectors which ...

  4. Glossary of chemistry terms - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chemistry_terms

    Also acid ionization constant or acidity constant. A quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution expressed as an equilibrium constant for a chemical dissociation reaction in the context of acid-base reactions. It is often given as its base-10 cologarithm, p K a. acid–base extraction A chemical reaction in which chemical species are separated from other acids and bases. acid ...

  5. Chemical oscillator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_oscillator

    In chemistry, a chemical oscillator is a complex mixture of reacting chemical compounds in which the concentration of one or more components exhibits periodic changes. They are a class of reactions that serve as an example of non-equilibrium thermodynamics with far-from-equilibrium behavior.

  6. C2-Symmetric ligands - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C2-Symmetric_ligands

    This ligand was used in the industrial production of L-DOPA. Synthesis of L -DOPA via hydrogenation with C 2 -symmetric diphosphine. Some classes of C 2 -symmetric ligands are called privileged ligands , which are ligands that are broadly applicable to multiple catalytic processes, not only a single reaction type.

  7. Bicyclic molecule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicyclic_molecule

    An example of a spirocyclic compound is the photochromic switch spiropyran. In fused/condensed [ 5 ] bicyclic compounds , two rings share two adjacent atoms. In other words, the rings share one covalent bond, i.e. the bridgehead atoms are directly connected ( e.g. α-thujene and decalin ).

  8. Heterocyclic compound - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocyclic_compound

    Heterocyclic organic chemistry is the branch of organic chemistry dealing with the synthesis, properties, and applications of organic heterocycles. [2] Examples of heterocyclic compounds include all of the nucleic acids, the majority of drugs, most biomass (cellulose and related materials), and many natural and synthetic dyes. More than half of ...

  9. Spiro compound - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_compound

    Spiro compounds are often prepared by diverse rearrangement reactions. For example, the pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement is illustrated below. [3]: 985 is employed in the preparation of aspiro[4.5]decane. [12]]. The synthesis of a spiro-keto compound form a symmetrical diol