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The bit time has nothing to do with the time it takes for a bit to travel on the network medium but has to do with the internals of the NIC. To calculate the bit time at which a NIC ejects bits, use the following: bit time = 1 / NIC speed To calculate the bit time for a 10 Mbit/s NIC, use the formula as follows:
In actuality, a 64 kilobyte file is 64 × 1,024 × 8 bits in size and the 64 k circuit will transmit bits at a rate of 64 × 1,000 bit/s, so the amount of time taken to transmit a 64 kilobyte file over the 64 k circuit will be at least (64 × 1,024 × 8)/(64 × 1,000) seconds, which works out to be 8.192 seconds.
The packet transmission time in seconds can be obtained from the packet size in bit and the bit rate in bit/s as: Packet transmission time = Packet size / Bit rate. Example: Assuming 100 Mbit/s Ethernet, and the maximum packet size of 1526 bytes, results in Maximum packet transmission time = 1526×8 bit / (100 × 10 6 bit/s) ≈ 122 μs
TCP window scale option is needed for efficient transfer of data when the bandwidth-delay product (BDP) is greater than 64 KB [1].For instance, if a T1 transmission line of 1.5 Mbit/s was used over a satellite link with a 513 millisecond round-trip time (RTT), the bandwidth-delay product is ,, =, bits or about 96,187 bytes.
Bandwidth commonly measured in bits/second is the maximum rate that information can be transferred Throughput is the actual rate that information is transferred Latency the delay between the sender and the receiver decoding it, this is mainly a function of the signals travel time, and processing time at any nodes the information traverses
Throughput is usually measured in bits per second (bit/s, sometimes abbreviated bps), and sometimes in packets per second (p/s or pps) or data packets per time slot. The system throughput or aggregate throughput is the sum of the data rates that are delivered over all channels in a network. [1] Throughput represents digital bandwidth consumption.
Routing metrics are configuration values used by a router to make routing decisions. A metric is typically one of many fields in a routing table. Router metrics help the router choose the best route among multiple feasible routes to a destination. The route will go in the direction of the gateway with the lowest metric.
For example, if a file is transferred, the goodput that the user experiences corresponds to the file size in bits divided by the file transfer time. The goodput is always lower than the throughput (the gross bit rate that is transferred physically), which generally is lower than network access connection speed (the channel capacity or bandwidth).