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The main treaty was opened for signature on 1 December 1959, and officially entered into force on 23 June 1961. [4] The original signatories were the 12 countries active in Antarctica during the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957–58: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. [1]
The Antarctic Treaty, formed on 1 December 1959 and entered into force on 23 June 1961, is a key component for the management of Antarctica and helps provide administration for the continent, which is carried out through consultative member meetings.
After the closure of the base in 1967, three further summer expeditions were sent in cooperation with South Africa, but in 1971 all governmental support for Antarctic research was temporarily halted. [2] 1985 marked the start-up of the first multi-annual Belgian Antarctic science program, managed and financed by the Belgian Science Policy Office.
The Antarctic Conservation Act, enacted in 1978 by the 95th United States Congress (Pub. L. 95–541), and amended by Pub. L. 104–227 (text), is a United States federal law that addresses the issue of environmental conservation on the continent of Antarctica.
This category is for treaties that were written and opened for signature in the year 1959. For treaties that entered into force in 1959, see Category:Treaties entered into force in 1959 . 1954
Antarctic interests in the late 1940s were increasing, with nations fighting over territory in the Antarctic Peninsula region.Fear of open conflict from these nations, as well as fear of Antarctica becoming involved in the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, led to the first discussions of Antarctic diplomacy and treaties. [6]
The treaty set aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, established freedom of scientific investigation and banned military activity on that continent. This was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War. The Antarctic Treaty states that contracting to the treaty: is not a renunciation of any previous territorial claim
Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources; Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals; Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities; Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs