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  2. Hawaii's Opportunity Probation with Enforcement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii's_Opportunity...

    For example, the replication of a HOPE-like program in Delaware quickly encountered a series of unanticipated problems: too many offenders failed urine tests, too rapidly; there was strain on personnel who had to transport those failing drug tests immediately to facilities located one to two-and-a-half hours away; there was a legal requirement ...

  3. United States federal probation and supervised release

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal...

    Probation or supervised release is considered custody for purposes of federal habeas corpus law, and therefore can be challenged under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Probation officers are entitled to qualified immunity from probationers' due process claims because probationers cannot claim a property interest in the statutory procedural protections. [194]

  4. Coerced abstinence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coerced_abstinence

    This strategy can dramatically reduce recidivism rates among chronic drug users, especially those on probation and parole. [1] Most probation agreements mandate drug treatment, but a coerced abstinence program mandates only abstinence which is enforced through regular, predictable drug testing. Under this system, failed tests swiftly result in ...

  5. Renal threshold - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_threshold

    If the renal threshold itself is reduced, can also produce detectable glucose in the urine. This is called renal glycosuria. [2] Taken together, the collection of a kidney's renal thresholds essentially define much of its function in renal physiology. Many tests of kidney function amount to measures of renal thresholds for various substances.

  6. Holding your pee can have dangerous health risks, experts say

    www.aol.com/holding-pee-common-dangerous-health...

    “Your kidneys make urine, and then (it’s) funneled down two tubes called ureters to the bladder. I’d say normal bladder capacity is about 400 to 600 (cubic centimeters).”

  7. Kidney failure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_failure

    Kidney failure, also known as renal failure or end-stage renal disease (ESRD), is a medical condition in which the kidneys can no longer adequately filter waste products from the blood, functioning at less than 15% of normal levels. [2]

  8. ‘I Almost Died of Kidney Failure at 46—These Are the First ...

    www.aol.com/almost-died-kidney-failure-46...

    Atkinson went to the hospital for foot surgery and unexpectedly learned he had kidney disease. "It takes a urine test and blood test to find out what your GFR (glomerular filtration rate) number ...

  9. Assessment of kidney function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assessment_of_kidney_function

    Risk factors for kidney disease include diabetes, high blood pressure, family history, older age, ethnic group and smoking. For most patients, a GFR over 60 (mL/min)/(1.73 m 2) is adequate. But significant decline of the GFR from a previous test result can be an early indicator of kidney disease requiring medical intervention.