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French (specifically Old French) was the mother tongue of every English king from William the Conqueror (1066–1087) until Henry IV (1399–1413). Henry IV was the first to take the oath in English, and his son, Henry V (1413–1422), was the first to write in English. By the end of the 15th century, French became the second language of a ...
The standard title for monarchs from Æthelstan until John was "King of the English". In 1016 Cnut the Great, a Dane, was the first to call himself "King of England". In the Norman period "King of the English" remained standard, with occasional use of "King of England" or Rex Anglie. From John's reign onwards all other titles were eschewed in ...
Edward was the first king since the Conquest to speak English, and during his reign Middle English began to replace French as the language of the aristocracy. [151] In 1333, Edward invaded Scotland winning a major victory at the Battle of Halidon Hill due to the use of the English longbow. [152]
Starting in August 1417, Henry promoted the use of the English language in government [21] and his reign marks the appearance of Chancery Standard English as well as the adoption of English as the language of record within government. He was the first king to use English in his personal correspondence since the Norman Conquest 350 years earlier ...
The Provisions of Oxford, released in 1258, was the first English government document to be published in the English language after the Norman Conquest. In 1362, Edward III became the first king to address Parliament in English.
Æthelstan is regarded as the first King of England by modern historians. [k] Although it was his successors who would achieve the permanent conquest of Viking York, Æthelstan's campaigns made this success possible. [146] His nephew Edgar called himself King of the English and revived the claim to rule over all the peoples of Britain.
Edward I [a] (17/18 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots, was King of England from 1272 to 1307. Concurrently, he was Lord of Ireland, and from 1254 to 1306 ruled Gascony as Duke of Aquitaine in his capacity as a vassal of the French king.
William the Conqueror William is depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry during the Battle of Hastings, lifting his helmet to show that he is still alive. King of England Reign 25 December 1066 – 9 September 1087 Coronation 25 December 1066 Predecessor Edgar Ætheling (uncrowned) Harold II (crowned) Successor William II Duke of Normandy Reign 3 July 1035 – 9 September 1087 Predecessor Robert I ...