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The Journey of Reconciliation, also [1] called "First Freedom Ride", was a form of nonviolent direct action to challenge state segregation laws on interstate buses in the Southern United States. [2] Bayard Rustin and 18 other men and women were the early organizers of the two-week journey that began on April 9, 1947.
Intending to test how the 1946 Supreme Court ruling was being enforced in the Upper South, FOR member Bayard Rustin organized what he called a "Journey of Reconciliation" – now sometimes referred to as the "First Freedom Ride". In 1947, he organized for a group of sixteen FOR and CORE members (eight black and eight white) to travel through ...
The Freedom Riders helped inspire participation in subsequent civil rights campaigns, including voter registration throughout the South, freedom schools, and the Black Power movement. At the time, most black Southerners had been unable to register to vote, due to state constitutions, laws and practices that had effectively disfranchised them ...
Charles Person, the youngest member of the original Freedom Riders who faced racial violence to challenge segregation in interstate travel, died Jan. 8 in Fayetteville, Georgia. He was 82. In 1961 ...
When the first Freedom Ride was derailed by mob violence, a small group of Nashville students trained by Lawson completed the dangerous bus trip from Montgomery, Ala., to Jackson, Miss. Lawson ...
Organized by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) to dramatize the southern states' disregard of the Supreme Court rulings (Morgan v. Virginia, 1946 and Boynton v. Virginia, 1960) outlawing segregation in interstate transportation, in May 1961, the first Freedom Riders (seven black, six white, led by CORE director James Farmer) travelled together on interstate buses.
A Greyhound bus used by Freedom Riders in 1961 Credit - Bettmann Archive/Getting Images. I n the coming months, the United States Department of Health and Human Services plans to implement a newly ...
After buses and riders were severely attacked, including a firebombing of a bus and beatings with police complicity in Birmingham, Alabama, CORE suspended the rides. [17] Diane Nash, the Nashville Student Movement 's chairman, urged the group to continue the Freedom Rides, and called for college volunteers from Fisk and other universities ...