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2. Drainage - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage

   If the water pressure is not drained appropriately, retaining walls can bow, move, and fracture, causing seams to separate. The water pressure can also erode soil particles, leading to voids behind the wall and sinkholes in the above soil. Traditional retaining wall drainage systems can include French drains, drain pipes or weep holes. To ...

3. Land drains - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_drains

   The purpose of land drains in building construction is somewhat different. If voids are created in the ground for any reason they tend to fill with water. Also the static loads on any subterranean structure and retaining walls can be massively increased by the presence of water in the surrounding ground.

4. Retaining wall - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retaining_wall

   Drystone retaining walls are normally self-draining. As an example, the International Building Code requires retaining walls to be designed to ensure stability against overturning, sliding, excessive foundation pressure and water uplift; and that they be designed for a safety factor of 1.5 against lateral sliding and overturning. [6]

5. Caisson (engineering) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caisson_(engineering)

   The water in the caisson (due to a high water table) balances the upthrust forces of the soft soils underneath. If dewatered, the base may "pipe" or "boil", [clarification needed] causing the caisson to sink. To combat this problem, piles may be driven from the surface to act as: Load-bearing walls, in that they transmit loads to deeper soils.

6. Cellular confinement - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_confinement

   Walls also can be used for lining channels and in cases of high flow, it is required that the outer cells contain concrete or cement slurry infill. CCS have been used to reinforce soft or uneven soil foundations for large area footings, for retaining wall strip footings, for load sharing of covers over pipelines and other geotechnical applications.

7. Weep (architecture) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weep_(architecture)

   In such cases the weeps may consist of a plastic, clay or metal pipe extending through the wall to a layer of porous backfill. Typically, weeps are arranged to direct water which may have entered an assembly from outside, back to the outside. Weeps may also be found in metal windows and glazed curtain walls to permit interstitial condensation ...