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The most familiar example of mixed-radix systems is in timekeeping and calendars. Western time radices include, both cardinally and ordinally, decimal years, decades, and centuries, septenary for days in a week, duodecimal months in a year, bases 28–31 for days within a month, as well as base 52 for weeks in a year.
General mixed radix systems were studied by Georg Cantor. [2] The term "factorial number system" is used by Knuth, [3] while the French equivalent "numération factorielle" was first used in 1888. [4] The term "factoradic", which is a portmanteau of factorial and mixed radix, appears to be of more recent date. [5]
"A base is a natural number B whose powers (B multiplied by itself some number of times) are specially designated within a numerical system." [1]: 38 The term is not equivalent to radix, as it applies to all numerical notation systems (not just positional ones with a radix) and most systems of spoken numbers. [1]
The positional systems are classified by their base or radix, which is the number of symbols called digits used by the system. In base 10, ten different digits 0, ..., 9 are used and the position of a digit is used to signify the power of ten that the digit is to be multiplied with, as in 304 = 3×100 + 0×10 + 4×1 or more precisely 3×10 2 ...
In contrast to decimal, or radix 10, which has a ones' place, tens' place, hundreds' place, and so on, radix b would have a ones' place, then a b 1 s' place, a b 2 s' place, etc. [2] For example, if b = 12, a string of digits such as 59A (where the letter "A" represents the value of ten) would represent the value 5 × 12 2 + 9 × 12 1 + 10 × ...
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The generalization to radix representations, for >, and to =, is a digit-reversal permutation, in which the base-digits of the index of each element are reversed to obtain the permuted index. The same idea can also been generalized to mixed radix number systems. In such cases, the digit-reversal permutation should simultaneously reverses the ...
Examples of such numbers are shown in the right column of the table. All of them are repeating fractions with the repetend marked by a horizontal line above it. If the set of digits is minimal, the set of such numbers has a measure of 0. This is the case with all the mentioned coding systems.