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Because of its hormonal effects, cimetidine rarely may cause sexual dysfunction including loss of libido and erectile dysfunction and gynecomastia (0.1–0.2%) in males during long-term treatment. [16] [17] [18] Rarely, interstitial nephritis, urticaria, and angioedema have been reported with cimetidine treatment. [16]
Cimetidine was the prototypical histamine H 2 receptor antagonist from which later drugs were developed. Cimetidine was the culmination of a project at Smith, Kline & French (SK&F; now GlaxoSmithKline) by James W. Black, C. Robin Ganellin, and others to develop a histamine receptor antagonist that would suppress stomach acid secretion.
Common side effects include headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation, and dizziness. [4] Serious side effects may include pneumonia and seizures. [4] [5] Use in pregnancy appears safe but has not been well studied, while use during breastfeeding is not recommended. [1] Famotidine was patented in 1979 and came into medical use in 1985. [6]
Bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) has both antibacterial and anti-secretory actions that help with diarrhea. [1] Once in the gut, BSS gets broken down into bismuth and salicylic acid. [ 1 ] Bismuth produces other bismuth salts, which blocks the binding and proliferation of bacteria in stomach mucosal cells, leading to a decrease in inflammation in ...
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Treatment with antacids alone is symptomatic and only justified for minor symptoms. [4] Alternative uses for antacids include constipation, diarrhea, hyperphosphatemia, and urinary alkalization. [2] Some antacids are also used as an adjunct to pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy in the treatment of pancreatic insufficiency. [5]
Clostridioides difficile, also known more commonly as C. diff, accounts for 10 to 20% of antibiotic-associated diarrhea cases, because the antibiotics administered for the treatment of certain disease processes such as inflammatory colitis also inadvertently kill a large portion of the gut flora, the normal flora that is usually present within the bowel.
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