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Long-term use of benzodiazepines can worsen pre-existing depression and anxiety and may potentially also cause dementia with impairments in recent and remote memory functions. [23] Use is widespread among amphetamine users, with those that use amphetamines and benzodiazepines having greater levels of mental health problems and social ...
Articles relating to substance-related disorders, a patterned use of a substance (drug) in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods which are harmful to themselves or others. The drugs used are often associated with levels of substance intoxication that alter judgment, perception, attention and physical control, not ...
Long-term use of benzodiazepines can induce perceptual disturbances and depersonalization in some people, even in those taking a stable daily dosage, and it can also become a protracted withdrawal feature of the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome. [54] In addition, chronic use of benzodiazepines is a risk factor for blepharospasm. [55]
The DSM-5 (2013), the current version, also features ICD-9-CM codes, listing them alongside the codes of Chapter V of the ICD-10-CM. On 1 October 2015, the United States health care system officially switched from the ICD-9-CM to the ICD-10-CM. [1] [2] The DSM is the authoritative reference work in diagnosing mental disorders in the world.
Benzodiazepines cross the placenta, enter the fetus, and are also excreted in breast milk. [9] The use of alprazolam during pregnancy is associated with congenital abnormalities, [9] [61] and use in the last trimester may cause fetal drug dependence and withdrawal symptoms in the post-natal period as well as neonatal flaccidity and respiratory ...
A meta-analysis found cognitive impairments in many areas due to benzodiazepine use show improvements after six months of withdrawal, but significant impairments in most areas may be permanent or may require more than six months to reverse. [128] Protracted symptoms continue to fade over a period of many months or several years.
Psychoactive substance-induced psychotic disorders outlined within the ICD-10 codes F10.5—F19.5: F10.5 alcohol: [8] [9] [10] Alcohol is a common cause of psychotic disorders or episodes, which may occur through acute intoxication, chronic alcoholism, withdrawal, exacerbation of existing disorders, or acute idiosyncratic reactions. [8]
The committee found that the regular use of benzodiazepines causes the development of dependence characterized by tolerance to the therapeutic effects of benzodiazepines and the development of the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome including symptoms such as anxiety, apprehension, tremors, insomnia, nausea, and vomiting upon cessation of ...