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The foundations of statistical thermodynamics were set out by physicists such as James Clerk Maxwell, Ludwig Boltzmann, Max Planck, Rudolf Clausius and J. Willard Gibbs. Clausius, who first stated the basic ideas of the second law in his paper "On the Moving Force of Heat", [ 3 ] published in 1850, and is called "one of the founding fathers of ...
J. M. Smith, H.C.Van Ness, M. M. Abbot Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics 2000, McGraw-Hill 6TH edition ISBN 0-07-240296-2 Robert Perry, Don W. Green Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook 2007 McGraw-Hill 8TH edition ISBN 0-07-142294-3
Download as PDF; Printable version; ... Many of the definitions below are also used in the thermodynamics of chemical reactions. ... J −1: T 2 M −1 L −2:
In thermodynamics, the bubble point is the temperature (at a given pressure) where the first bubble of vapor is formed when heating a liquid consisting of two or more components. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Given that vapor will probably have a different composition than the liquid, the bubble point (along with the dew point ) at different compositions are ...
The first and second law of thermodynamics are the most fundamental equations of thermodynamics. They may be combined into what is known as fundamental thermodynamic relation which describes all of the changes of thermodynamic state functions of a system of uniform temperature and pressure.
In statistical mechanics, the excitation temperature (T ex) is defined for a population of particles via the Boltzmann factor.It satisfies = (), where n u is the number of particles in an upper (e.g. excited) state;
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