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[15] [16] Similarly, increasing the duration of a stimulus available in a reaction time task was found to produce slightly faster reaction times to visual [15] and auditory stimuli, [17] though these effects tend to be small and are largely consequent of the sensitivity to sensory receptors. [8]
Stimulus–response (S–R) compatibility is the degree to which a person's perception of the world is compatible with the required action. S–R compatibility has been described as the "naturalness" of the association between a stimulus and its response, such as a left-oriented stimulus requiring a response from the left side of the body.
Hubel and Wiesel showed that receptive fields and thus the function of cortical structures, as one proceeds out from V1 along the visual pathways, become increasingly complex and specialized. [76] From this it was postulated that information flowed outwards in a feed-forward fashion; the complex end products eventually binding to form a percept.
For example, consider auditory spatial input. The location of an object can sometimes be determined solely on its sound, but the sensory input can easily be modified or altered, thus giving a less reliable spatial representation of the object. [19] Auditory information therefore is not spatially represented unlike visual stimuli.
The function of the auditory dorsal pathway is to map the auditory sensory representations onto articulatory motor representations. Hickok & Poeppel claim that the auditory dorsal pathway is necessary because, "learning to speak is essentially a motor learning task. The primary input to this is sensory, speech in particular.
Separate tests are administered for visual vs. auditory modes. In the visual version, the T.O.V.A. uses geometric shapes so that language and reading levels do not play a part in the scoring. The T.O.V.A. has two sections, similar to the high and low demand sections discussed above for the IVA.
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Iconic memory, for example, holds visual information for approximately 250 milliseconds. [7] The SM is made up of spatial or categorical stores of different kinds of information, each subject to different rates of information processing and decay. The visual sensory store has a relatively high capacity, with the ability to hold up to 12 items. [8]